Automatic medical image classification is a very important field where the use of AI has the potential to have a real social impact. However, there are still many challenges that act as obstacles to making practically effective solutions. One of those is the fact that most of the medical imaging datasets have a class imbalance problem. This leads to the fact that existing AI techniques, particularly neural network-based deep-learning methodologies, often perform poorly in such scenarios. Thus this makes this area an interesting and active research focus for researchers. In this study, we propose a novel loss function to train neural network models to mitigate this critical issue in this important field. Through rigorous experiments on three independently collected datasets of three different medical imaging domains, we empirically show that our proposed loss function consistently performs well with an improvement between 2%-10% macro f1 when compared to the baseline models. We hope that our work will precipitate new research toward a more generalized approach to medical image classification.

成功的药物开发的主要障碍是临床试验的复杂性，成本和规模。临床试验数据的详细内部结构可以使常规优化难以实现。最近的机器学习进步，具体说明性结构的数据分析，有可能在改善临床试验设计方面取得重大进展。 TrimeGraph旨在应用这些方法，为开发模型的概念证明框架，可以帮助药物开发和益处患者。在这项工作中，我们首先介绍从CT.Gov，AACT和FISTTROVE数据库编译的策划临床试验数据集（n = 1191试验;代表一百万名患者）并将该数据转换为图形结构格式。然后，我们详细介绍了一系列图形机学习算法的数学依据和实现，其通常在嵌入在低维特征空间中的图形数据上使用标准机器分类器。我们培训了这些模型，以预测临床试验的副作用信息给出关于疾病，现有的医疗病症和治疗的信息。 Metapath2Vec算法表现良好，具有标准的逻辑回归，决策树，随机森林，支持向量和神经网络分类器，以及分别显示0.85,0.68,0.86,0.80和0.77的典型Roc-Auc谱分别。值得注意的是，当在等效的阵列结构数据上训练时，最好的执行分类器只能产生0.70的典型的Roc-Auc得分。我们的工作表明，图形建模可以显着提高适当的数据集上的预测准确性。改进建模假设和更多数据类型的项目的连续版本可以产生具有现实世界的药物开发应用的优秀预测因子。

深度学习在涉及数据的每个领域都起着至关重要的作用。它已经成为一个强大而有效的框架，可以应用于广泛的复杂学习问题，这些问题过去很难使用传统的机器学习技术来解决。在这项研究中，我们专注于用深度学习技术的蛋白质序列分类。氨基酸序列的研究在生命科学中至关重要。我们使用自然语言处理中不同单词嵌入技术来表示氨基酸序列作为向量。我们的主要目标是将序列分类为DNA，RNA，蛋白质和杂交的四组类别。经过几次测试，我们达到了近99％的火车和测试准确性。我们已经在CNN，LSTM，双向LSTM和GRU上进行了实验。

氨基酸的分类及其序列分析在生命科学中起着至关重要的作用，并且是一项艰巨的任务。本文使用并比较了最新的深度学习模型，例如卷积神经网络（CNN），长期记忆（LSTM）和门控复发单元（GRU），以解决使用氨基酸的大分子分类问题。与传统的机器学习技术相比，这些模型具有有效的框架来解决广泛的复杂学习问题。我们使用嵌入单词来表示氨基酸序列作为向量。CNN从氨基酸序列中提取特征，这些特征被视为向量，然后喂入上面提到的模型以训练健壮的分类器。我们的结果表明，嵌入与VGG-16相结合的Word2Vec的性能比LSTM和GRU更好。提出的方法的错误率为1.5％。

This paper presents our solutions for the MediaEval 2022 task on DisasterMM. The task is composed of two subtasks, namely (i) Relevance Classification of Twitter Posts (RCTP), and (ii) Location Extraction from Twitter Texts (LETT). The RCTP subtask aims at differentiating flood-related and non-relevant social posts while LETT is a Named Entity Recognition (NER) task and aims at the extraction of location information from the text. For RCTP, we proposed four different solutions based on BERT, RoBERTa, Distil BERT, and ALBERT obtaining an F1-score of 0.7934, 0.7970, 0.7613, and 0.7924, respectively. For LETT, we used three models namely BERT, RoBERTa, and Distil BERTA obtaining an F1-score of 0.6256, 0.6744, and 0.6723, respectively.

The existing methods for video anomaly detection mostly utilize videos containing identifiable facial and appearance-based features. The use of videos with identifiable faces raises privacy concerns, especially when used in a hospital or community-based setting. Appearance-based features can also be sensitive to pixel-based noise, straining the anomaly detection methods to model the changes in the background and making it difficult to focus on the actions of humans in the foreground. Structural information in the form of skeletons describing the human motion in the videos is privacy-protecting and can overcome some of the problems posed by appearance-based features. In this paper, we present a survey of privacy-protecting deep learning anomaly detection methods using skeletons extracted from videos. We present a novel taxonomy of algorithms based on the various learning approaches. We conclude that skeleton-based approaches for anomaly detection can be a plausible privacy-protecting alternative for video anomaly detection. Lastly, we identify major open research questions and provide guidelines to address them.

Adversarial training is an effective approach to make deep neural networks robust against adversarial attacks. Recently, different adversarial training defenses are proposed that not only maintain a high clean accuracy but also show significant robustness against popular and well studied adversarial attacks such as PGD. High adversarial robustness can also arise if an attack fails to find adversarial gradient directions, a phenomenon known as `gradient masking'. In this work, we analyse the effect of label smoothing on adversarial training as one of the potential causes of gradient masking. We then develop a guided mechanism to avoid local minima during attack optimization, leading to a novel attack dubbed Guided Projected Gradient Attack (G-PGA). Our attack approach is based on a `match and deceive' loss that finds optimal adversarial directions through guidance from a surrogate model. Our modified attack does not require random restarts, large number of attack iterations or search for an optimal step-size. Furthermore, our proposed G-PGA is generic, thus it can be combined with an ensemble attack strategy as we demonstrate for the case of Auto-Attack, leading to efficiency and convergence speed improvements. More than an effective attack, G-PGA can be used as a diagnostic tool to reveal elusive robustness due to gradient masking in adversarial defenses.

Objective: Despite numerous studies proposed for audio restoration in the literature, most of them focus on an isolated restoration problem such as denoising or dereverberation, ignoring other artifacts. Moreover, assuming a noisy or reverberant environment with limited number of fixed signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR) levels is a common practice. However, real-world audio is often corrupted by a blend of artifacts such as reverberation, sensor noise, and background audio mixture with varying types, severities, and duration. In this study, we propose a novel approach for blind restoration of real-world audio signals by Operational Generative Adversarial Networks (Op-GANs) with temporal and spectral objective metrics to enhance the quality of restored audio signal regardless of the type and severity of each artifact corrupting it. Methods: 1D Operational-GANs are used with generative neuron model optimized for blind restoration of any corrupted audio signal. Results: The proposed approach has been evaluated extensively over the benchmark TIMIT-RAR (speech) and GTZAN-RAR (non-speech) datasets corrupted with a random blend of artifacts each with a random severity to mimic real-world audio signals. Average SDR improvements of over 7.2 dB and 4.9 dB are achieved, respectively, which are substantial when compared with the baseline methods. Significance: This is a pioneer study in blind audio restoration with the unique capability of direct (time-domain) restoration of real-world audio whilst achieving an unprecedented level of performance for a wide SDR range and artifact types. Conclusion: 1D Op-GANs can achieve robust and computationally effective real-world audio restoration with significantly improved performance. The source codes and the generated real-world audio datasets are shared publicly with the research community in a dedicated GitHub repository1.

Multi-view projection techniques have shown themselves to be highly effective in achieving top-performing results in the recognition of 3D shapes. These methods involve learning how to combine information from multiple view-points. However, the camera view-points from which these views are obtained are often fixed for all shapes. To overcome the static nature of current multi-view techniques, we propose learning these view-points. Specifically, we introduce the Multi-View Transformation Network (MVTN), which uses differentiable rendering to determine optimal view-points for 3D shape recognition. As a result, MVTN can be trained end-to-end with any multi-view network for 3D shape classification. We integrate MVTN into a novel adaptive multi-view pipeline that is capable of rendering both 3D meshes and point clouds. Our approach demonstrates state-of-the-art performance in 3D classification and shape retrieval on several benchmarks (ModelNet40, ScanObjectNN, ShapeNet Core55). Further analysis indicates that our approach exhibits improved robustness to occlusion compared to other methods. We also investigate additional aspects of MVTN, such as 2D pretraining and its use for segmentation. To support further research in this area, we have released MVTorch, a PyTorch library for 3D understanding and generation using multi-view projections.

Recent work has identified noisy and misannotated data as a core cause of hallucinations and unfaithful outputs in Natural Language Generation (NLG) tasks. Consequently, identifying and removing these examples is a key open challenge in creating reliable NLG systems. In this work, we introduce a framework to identify and remove low-quality training instances that lead to undesirable outputs, such as faithfulness errors in text summarization. We show that existing approaches for error tracing, such as gradient-based influence measures, do not perform reliably for detecting faithfulness errors in summarization. We overcome the drawbacks of existing error tracing methods through a new, contrast-based estimate that compares undesired generations to human-corrected outputs. Our proposed method can achieve a mean average precision of 0.91 across synthetic tasks with known ground truth and can achieve a two-fold reduction in hallucinations on a real entity hallucination evaluation on the NYT dataset.